All form of living creatures has a so-called thing Deoxyribonucleic acid or simply know by many as DNA, even the smallest and simplest form of living things possessed it like the virus, bacteria, and cells which is very essential to every existing creature like us, interesting right? DNA is one of the important reasons of our existence or without it the world will be in complete silence. So, let me define it, DNA is a nucleic acid that is consist of two chains that are bind in circling staircase to form a double helix which is consist of genetic instructions that essentially needed for a creature’s growth and survival. Furthermore, there is a process wherein the DNA makes a replica of itself during a cell division, it is called DNA replication. How does it work? Let me explain.
First step of the DNA replication is the Replication Fork Formation, before the replication start to happen the DNA which is said earlier to be a double helix that is bind together separate into two single strands. Then DNA should be loosening up its base pairs that forms up the two strand is it possible through the enzyme called as DNA Helicase which will successfully loosen its base pairs in order turn it into a Y shape thing called the replication fork. Then it all starts the replication, DNA strands have its direction whenever it separates it is known as the 5’(phosphate group) and 3’(Hydroxyl group) end. Directionality is a must know thing as it will show which side of strand will be connected to DNA backbone. For the reason that a replication fork is bi-directional its strand will be oriented in the 3’ to 5’(leading strand) direction while the other strand and the 5’ to 3’(lagging strand) which makes the orientation of its process different.
Second and third step is just the start of the replication called Primer Binding and Elongation as it makes a new prototype of each strands by adding, error checking and repairing each, on leading strand, a primer starts the DNA synthesis, then the addition of new nucleotide bases and after newly strand will be continuous, meanwhile the lagging strand also have multiple primers added Okazaki fragments and the newly strand called as discontinuous. It was all accompanied by the enzyme DNA Primase.
Finally, the last step is called Termination, after forming of new prototype strands(the continuous and discontinuous strands). New and appropriate bases will be added and RNA primers will be removed by an enzyme called exonuclease from the original strands. Another exonuclease will exist in order to replace the errors, to check or either remove as a “proofread” to the newly DNA. DNA ligase, another enzyme which joins up the Okazaki fragments which unified a strand. The ends of the chromosomes will be capped in order to stop the other chromosomes from fusing it is called Telomeres. On the other hand, Telomerase, generates telomere in sequence in ends of DNA. The complete results will be two DNA molecules, one new strand and parent molecule.
In conclusion, DNA replication is everything in all forms of life without it we won’t exist anymore. Knowing how it works is a really complicated as it has a lot of processes as it goes further to creates duplicates of itself. The process are replication fork, primer binding, elongation and the termination. Hence, DNA replication is playing an important role in our life as it sustains our growth and development as the time goes by making duplications of DNA.
A Position Paper on the Performance of President Rodrigo Roa Duterte
Duterte’s administration has significantly made an effective and visible changes in the country for just 3 years in his term.
Philippines is belong to the 3rd world countries in the world, well it’s not surprise at all wasn’t it? As some of the former presidents of our country did poor performances to make changes in our country and usually patronizing corruptions and having hidden agendas when it comes in the nations’ wealth. The world goes round until a simple Mayor take his turn to run and make a real change as president of the Philippines. He is no other than former Mayor Rodrigo Roa Duterte, no doubt why he won people’s trust its because he is true and fearless to his words compared to the past administrations.
Some are saying that President Duterte served as not a good role model to the country because of having a speaking style that leads to blaming and hate speech. Also, some are also denounced that he was favored by China’s transactions through continuously meddling to Philippines’ subordinates (Panatag Shoal, Kaliwa Dam Project and West Philippine Sea) and he have been responsible to Extrajudicial Killings in the country.
Due to the arguments manifested, here are some evidences based on observations and researches that can preside us into a clearer view about the changes that Duterte’s administration undergone so far despite of the following said issues.
First, the criminality rate lessens in just a year of President Duterte’s term. Based on PNP- Crime Research and Analysis Center (CRAC DIDM), the total crime rate of Philippines from July 2016-June 2017 was dropped by 9.8% or 61,409 less than the term of predecessor Benigno Aquino III that has a total of 626,567. It waved the path into a safer country under the exposure of democracy. Enabling us to slowly freeing ourselves from fear especially to those drug addicts and users.
Second, President Duterte’s war on drug lessen the drug related cases from the start of his term. He ought to diminish it for six months but it didn’t happen, but still he managed to decrease the crime rates and drug related activities in the country. In fact on the statistics report of June 2016-January 2018 of Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency, Philippine National Police, National Bureau of investigation and Bureau of Customs on their Drug-free Philippines campaign they successfully conducted 81,919 anti-drug operations, seized 2,557kg of drug worth of 13.24 billion pesos and rescued 589 minors. It has a great impact to our country for being “Drugs” was the main root in accordance to heinous crimes.
Third, Duterte’s administration officially granted the Free tuition fee or known as Republic Act No. 10931 or the Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act. It was signed by him on August 3, 2017 then formally launched by the Commission on Higher Education(CHED) implement its rules and regulation started from school year 2018-2019, the government will pay no tuition and student fees among the 112 state universities, 78 local universities and colleges, even the Technical- Vocation education(TechVoc) and training programs that are under the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority(TESDA). Having no problem in tuition and student fees is one of the best privileges that K-12 students are currently benefiting with no worries at all. This is the first administration who officially legalized this kind of law that served as a big help for those students who are eager to pursue their studies in college but financially unstable and to produce higher rate of stable citizen development.
Fourth, President Duterte increased the salary of police officers and soldiers. He made a joint Resolution No.1 dated January 1, 2018, an approval to increase the salary of our soldiers and policemen not only them but to all the military personnel that is working under the Department of National Defense(DND), Interior and Local Government (DILG), Philippine Coast Guard(PCG) and lastly the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority(NAMRIA). The resolution stated that is just adjustment to compensation package in order to make it equal to the critical mission and duty of keeping the peace and order in our country. It served as a simple token by the president to the braveness that they have just to maintain solidarity and democracy in the Philippines.
Fifth, President Duterte created anti-graft body to help fight corruption. He initiated a mass oath promoting a newly appointed government officials in Malacañang Palace on Tuesday, August 29, asking them to help him fight corruption in government. As the number one and most popular social issue in the government, Duterte addressed corruption by creating this body to investigate all cases that usually an Ombudsman have. Being slow in process due of many piles of cases, this idea can help the judiciary to be more focus on the corruption that some politicians didn’t want to revealed.
Sixth, Duterte’s administration made Universal Healthcare Bill Enacted into Law. As the saying goes on, “People made the Nation, without people there’s no Nation”, President Duterte improved the quality of life that the Filipinos have when it comes into healthcare. This law changes the way that Filipinos usually lived, saying that going to a hospital is much expensive. It mandated that they have finally easy access in to free services, consultation fees and medical tests. It improved Filipino citizen’s capability and stability for the nation.
Duterte’s administration has significantly made an effective and visible changes in the country for just 3 years in his term. These six life-changing reasons behind Duterte’s Administration created a bigger picture and opportunities for Filipinos. And these things should be implemented before, after so many administrations had passed by but it just only now proclaimed and it was happened when President Duterte seated in the Malacañang.
Furthermore, being good is not about the way you show your self’s politeness or having a decorum that can be like by everyone, because the real definition of good is that you’re doing what is right for the country and for its people. That you’ve made a difference for the benefits of everyone and created changes even though it seems many people misinterpreted. This is all due to the courage that President Duterte have to do things. Even if, he shows rudeness and many issues arising about him, he still can be categorized as a good president having a good performance making his actions louder than words for making significant changes in the Philippines.
Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency((PDEA), Philippine National Police(PNP), National Bureau of Investigation(NBI), & Bureau Of Customs. (2018, January 17). Towards a Drug Free Philippines. Retrieved March 24, 2019, from http://www.pnp.gov.ph/images/News/rn_0117.pdf
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